#science #robotics
Originally shared by nullSciTech #ScienceSunday
Digest - Week 49 of 2012A Top 10 selection of the scientific and technological advances that I discovered this week.1. A Reconfigurable Robot: On The Path to Digital Matter.MIT’s Gershenfeld never disappoints and this week we had a demonstration of a miniature reconfigurable robot called a “milli-motein” so-called because it’s basic subunits can be linked in a long chain that is able to fold up into arbitrary three-dimensional shapes just like a protein forms from a folded chain of amino-acids
http://www.mit.edu/newsoffice/2012/reconfigurable-robots-turn-into-anything-1130.html. One of the key enabling innovations is a new motor architecture called an electropermanent motor that can hold its position when switched off. This folding-chain approach is considered simpler than the related technology involving programmable pebbles that uses separate individual subunits, especially considering the work that proved mathematically that (i) a sufficiently long string can be folded into any arbitrary 3D shape and (ii) the folding steps needed to achieve this can be easily solved. This is a great little step on the path towards full digital matter whose shape, structure, and function can be programmed and changed as desired.
2. Rational Drug Design with DNA Origami.In this interesting development backed by major pharma company Janssen/J&J researchers developed a modification of the DNA Origami platform that allows them to create - via a drag-and-drop software interface - custom therapeutic drug molecules with functional components and subunits
http://phys.org/news/2012-12-drag-and-drop-dna-technique-aiding-cancer.html. After the desired structure and components are specified the required DNA sequences are calculated and then synthesised to produce test batches of therapeutic. As part of their proof-of-concept, which they successfully tested in animals, the team created a candidate prostate cancer therapeutic with components / modules for (i) killing cells, (ii) making cells susceptible to this component, (iii) targeting to cancer and not healthy cells, and (iv) markers that allow monitoring of the therapeutic’s arrival at tumours. Its great to see major pharma companies supporting DNA Origami as a therapeutic platform and investing into it; the collaboration is also developing this into other therapeutic areas.
3. Increasing Sophistication of Drones and Quadcopters.Last week as part of DroneGames we were treated to a showcase of the latest - very clever - capabilities that have been engineered into quadcopters and other autonomous flying drones
http://spectrum.ieee.org/automaton/robotics/diy/ar-drone-that-infects-other-drones-with-virus-wins-dronegames?. The crop of winners, judged purely by awesomeness, included such things as (i) the ability to control drones over cellular / mobile wireless networks in order to allow unlimited range - subject of course to battery and power limitations, (ii) the ability to control lots of different dispersed drones via just the one computer - custom swarms for everyone! and, (iii) the ability to enable your drone to wirelessly infect other nearby drones with a virus that renders them uncontrollable and makes them run amok - this could also be used as a mass ad-hoc networked distribution platform for messaging, control, or software updates; this is so awesome it’s no surprise that it won!
4. Tripling Organic Solar Cell Efficiency with A Simple Nanomesh Structure.In amazing new work researchers have addressed major solar cell problems (i) light reflecting from the cell and (ii) poor capture of light entering the cell, by creating a metallic sandwich called a subwavelength plasmonic cavity that dampens reflections down to 4% and increases light trapping to absorb as much as 98% of light
http://phys.org/news/2012-12-nanostructures-triple-solar-cells-efficiency.html. Overall this leads to significant improvements in efficiency and all powered by a relatively simple metallic mesh. Such “Plasmonic Cavity with Subwavelength Hole Arrays” as they have been named were created via nanoimprinting and are expected to be manufactured cost-effectively in wallpaper-sized sheets; I certainly hope this is a modest expectation and not over-the-top hype because it almost sounds too good to be true!
5. Silicon-Based Optical Fiber Solar Cell.Researchers created a flexible silicon-based optical fiber solar cell that can be scaled to many meters in length
http://live.psu.edu/story/63020. Working on the problem of merging fiber optics with electronic chips the team instead built optical fibers with integrated electronic semiconductor components and demonstrated the ability of this device to function as a flexible photovoltaic device that might one day be woven into photovoltaic yarns and fabrics that could be used in a huge range of applications. Maybe they should be exploring whether metallic nanomeshes can be formed around the fibers, even if they are thinner than a human hair?
6. Scanadu Announces Scout: A Basic Consumer “Tricorder”.A company called Scanadu has announced Scout, a product it expects to launch in 2013 that allows users to quickly measure temperature, respiratory rate, blood oxygenation, blood pressure, heart rate, and electrical heart activity and send these measurements to the users’ smartphone
http://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/biomedical/devices/check-your-vitals-on-your-smartphone?. Apparently it will do this with a small device that the user holds against their temple, with the idea described in a little more detail as part of a well-made concept video
http://youtu.be/KSwMauCno6o. The company won’t be going the FDA route (a good decision imo) and so won’t be able to legally claim the device as an in-house diagnostic, instead opting to euphemistically call the thing an “educational” device - but if properly and regularly calibrated this will indeed enable at-home diagnosis which will be fantastic. I’ll certainly be getting one. The company also has plans for at-home fluid-analysis devices, for example for urine and saliva. In related news we had a medical sensor tattoo
http://www.futurity.org/top-stories/this-happy-tattoo-is-really-a-medical-sensor/.
7. Eyes: Repairing, Tracking, Implanting, & Display Mounting.We had much ado about eyes this week with (i) the development of new membranes that mimic features of the eye and which can be used to graft stem cells onto the eye in order to heal the cornea
http://www.shef.ac.uk/news/nr/stem-cell-therapy-helps-damaged-eyes-regain-sight-1.229361, (ii) new human-computer-interface software that runs in the background on tablets and performs eye-tracking with the camera to allow the user to interact with the device simply by moving their eyes
http://www.npr.org/blogs/alltechconsidered/2012/12/03/166244876/in-eye-control-a-promise-to-let-your-tablet-go-hands-free, (iii) an update on the current and future retinal prosthetic implants designed to restore sight to the blind
http://www.technologyreview.com/news/508041/vision-restoring-implants-that-fit-inside-the-eye/, and (iv) the development of a tiny curved LCD display that can be embedded within a contact lens
http://www.theverge.com/2012/12/5/3730988/scientists-develop-lcd-contact-lens.
8. Defeating Mouth Bacteria & Eliminating Tooth Decay.Fight Aging! had a brief summary article of past and current work aimed at producing interventions to prevent tooth decay and gum disease by killing or interfering with the resident mouth bacteria that cause such problems
http://www.fightaging.org/archives/2012/12/at-some-point-soon-mouth-bacteria-will-be-defeated.php while leaving beneficial mouth bacteria untouched. The promise here is being able to dose yourself on a regular basis and never need to visit the dentist, with the blue-sky being to add additional engineered bacteria to colonise your mouth and produce custom scents, flavours, and other desirable chemicals.
9. Designer Nanocrystals and Artificial Atoms.More of a research proposal than an announcement (albeit with a large foundation of experimental data to back it up) concerns developing methods to controllably produce nanocrystals / quantum dots with custom electronic and chemical properties that can be assembled into designer / artificial atoms
http://news.uchicago.edu/article/2012/12/04/next-scientific-fashion-could-be-designer-nanocrystals. With such a platform we would be able to build novel materials not from individual atoms but from nanocrystal units that resemble atoms in important ways and could behave as a metal, semiconductor, or magnet for example - possible combinatorial arrangements would exceed that of existing elements. The group brings a lot of credibility to the project, having successfully solved a long-standing problem in chemical physics - the characterisation and control of correlated electrons on and between such crystals.
10. Fractal Geometry to Enable Lighter Structures.A team has characterised a fractal design method to produce geometries that allow structures to maintain their strength while weighing substantially less
http://phys.org/news/2012-12-team-fractal-geometry-lighter.html. While this of course has quite wide and varied applications I think it might be particularly relevant to current 3D printing efforts. While next year looks to be once again an incredibly exciting year for 3D printing (just check this out
http://www.wired.com/design/2012/11/big-3d-printers-euromold-2012/) both current techniques and those in the foreseeable future suffer from producing weaker products than conventional manufacturing methods. Automatically incorporating these fractal design geometries into 3D modelling or printing software might go some way towards bridging or even closing this gap in final product strength.
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